Roman & Greek shoes

Caligae: the Roman military shoes

Roman caligae are among the most recognizable shoes from Antiquity and were the standard footwear for legionaries and auxiliary troops. These sturdy military sandals were designed to withstand extreme conditions: long marches, rough terrain, and intense daily use. Unlike lightweight indoor sandals like the sandalium, caligae were equipped with a robust leather construction and a sole reinforced with dozens of shoe nails. These metal hobnails not only provided extra grip, but also significantly extended the lifespan of the sole — a necessary feature in an army that covered many kilometers daily.

Design and production of the caligae

The open design offered excellent ventilation, which helped reduce blisters and moisture issues in warmer regions s of the empire. In colder areas, soldiers wore woolen socks in their caligae, while in wet climates, closed shoes gradually gained ground. Archaeological finds, such as those in Vindolanda, show that Roman soldiers often possessed multiple types of footwear, adapted to the conditions.

The production of caligae was a serious matter within military forts. Specialized shoemakers ensured a constant supply and repair, and imperial regulations even determined the number of nails per sole. The quality and uniformity of Roman footwear were thus remarkably high.

Although caligae were primarily functional, they also have a cultural legacy. The nickname of Emperor Caligula, for example, is directly derived from these soldier's shoes, which he wore in miniature as a child.

With modern replica s, reenactors and LARPers today can experience the same historical functionality: sturdy leather, authentic hobnails, and a design that has proven its worth for nearly 2000 years.