Greek, Roman, Celtic shields

Roman legionnaires shield: scutum

The Roman scutum is one of the most recognizable weapons from Antiquity and forms the iconic shield of the legionnaire. This large, curved shield offered exceptional protection in both open battles and tight formations. The scutum evolved from oval Celtic shields and became a fixed part of Roman equipment from the 4th century BC. Due to its high, slightly curved shape, the legionnaire could almost completely hide behind the shield during enemy attacks with spears, arrows, and sword strikes.

During the Republic, the scutum often consisted of multiple layers of wood, covered with canvas and leather, and reinforced with metal edges. The central shield boss served as hand protection and as an effective striking weapon. Due to its strong construction, the scutum remained leading on European battlefields for decades and played a crucial role in famous formations such as the testudo, where legionnaires placed their shields above and next to each other to form an almost impenetrable shield wall.

Decoration of Roman shields

The decoration of Roman shields had both practical and symbolic meaning. Legions were recognized by their unique patterns, often consisting of Jupiter's thunderbolts, eagles, wolves, or mythological symbols. Colors also carried meaning: red for warrior spirit, white for rank or tradition, and blue and yellow for specific units.

In the Imperial period, the shape changed to more rectangular models that were lighter and more manageable. By the 3rd century, these gradually disappeared and were replaced by round and oval shields, but the scutum remained a lasting symbol of Roman military power.